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Ramdasia/Ramdassia sikhs originally had weaving as their prime occupation. Ramdasia is a sub caste of Julaha (weaver). Although sikhism does not believe in castes but most sikhs of today do. They offered their services in the construction of the fourth step (chautha pauda) in the holy water pool at Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar. Due to that 'seva' they are some time also called 'Chauthe Paude Waale'.


Britishers put Ramdasia sikhs along with Mazhabi sikhs in a Regiment named [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry]'Sikh Light Infantry'. Which gave birth to the confusion about their similarity with Mazhabi sikh community. Ramdasias are also many times confused with Ravidasia (Chamars) but Ramdasia's profession was very different which was weaving.
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name=Ramdasia  
| classification = Shoe Makers, Leather Tanners, Weavers, Farmers
| subdivisions= [[Chamar]] [[High caste]]
| populated_states=[[Punjab]] • [[Haryana]] • [[Jammu]] • [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Dogri]]
| religions=[[Sikhism]]}}


The '''Ramdasia'''  were historically a middle to high caste [[Sikh]] group that originated from the middle to high [[Caste system in India|caste]] of leather tanners and shoemakers known as [[Chamar]].<ref name="Rajesh K. Chander">{{cite book |title=Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions |first=Rajesh K I. |last=Chander |publisher=Studera Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-85883-58-3|page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+caste+in+jammu&pg=PA64}}</ref> Nowadays people of this community do [[farming]], large number of them are Governnent officials, [[Granthi]] in Gurudwara and Prominent [[politicians]]. In the book ''British Untouchables: A Study of Dalit Identity and Education'' by Paul Avtar Singh Ghuman, it is clearly mentioned on page number IX under the heading "Glossary of Terms" that Ramdasias are chamars who converted to Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghuman|first=Paul|title=British Untouchables A Study of Dalit Identity and Education|date=May 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Limited|isbn=978-0754648772|page=iX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZcI3FCxlEC&pg=PR9}}</ref>


Ramdasia community suffered heavy losses in their profession due to Industrial revolution in which their work went out of demand. Since then most ramdasia sikhs have made farming as their prime profession in Punjab and surrounding regions.
==Terminology==
"Ramdasia is a term used in general for Sikhs whose ancestors belonged to the high [[Chamar]] caste. Originally they are followers of [[Guru Ravidass]] ji who belongs to [[Chamar]] community ".<ref name="Rajesh K. Chander"/> Both the words Ramdasia and [[Ravidasia]] are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In [[Puadh]] and [[Malwa]], largely Ramdasia in used while [[Ravidasia]] is predominantly used in [[Doaba]].<ref name="toi">{{cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-dalit-conundrum-a-look-into-sikhs-caste-identity/articleshow/86607310.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref>


Ramdasia Sikhs are enlisted as OBC (other backward classes) by Department of Social justice, Empowerment and Minorities- Government of Punjab. They are middle to high caste and today are one of the most successful and richest castes.


Today Ramdasia Sikhs are mostly in Govt service and also in various other professions.
==Military service==
 
===British Raj===
 
 
 
The Ramdasia Sikhs, were recruited to the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] regiment (SLI) after its formation in 1941.<ref name="wilkinson">{{cite book |title=Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence |first=Steven I. |last=Wilkinson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-67472-880-6 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref> The Sikh Light Infantry has always been a "single class" regiment in the parlance adopted from the British Raj era. This means that it recruits only from one demographic, which in this instance means the Ramdasia Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence |first=Steven I. |last=Wilkinson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-67472-880-6 |pages=39–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39}}</ref> Indeed, the SLI was initially called the Ramdasia Sikh Regiment.<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Cohen |chapter=The Untouchable Soldier |title=Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Karsten |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-13566-150-2 |page=170 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh_fAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA170}}</ref> Despite unwillingness among some policy makers, the British had to abandon their traditional distinction between martial and non-martial races during the Second World War. This was necessitated by the need for more recruits than could be supplied by those communities upon which they usually relied, such as the Jat Sikhs, [[Dogra]]s and [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Musalman]]s. In addition, indiscipline among Jat Sikhs caused by their concerns regarding a post-war division of India was another reason to prefer recruitment of new classes. While recruitment from the pre-war martial classes was still pre-eminent, that from newly recognised classes such as the Ramdasias became significant.<ref>{{cite book |title=Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign |first=Daniel |last=Marston |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-27598-003-0 |pages=218–220, 236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-CPkbHvcZEC&pg=PA218}}</ref> They were already significant before.
 
===After independence of India===
When India became independent in 1947, the British Indian Army became the Indian Army. This, like its predecessor, relies on the martial race theory for much of its recruitment and thus there is a grossly disproportionate number of Sikhs within its ranks.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |chapter=Indian Society and the Soldier |pages=66–67 |title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines |editor-first=Harsh V. |editor-last=Pant |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31738-009-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The Ramdasias Sikhs continued their service with the SLI in the new army.<ref name="wilkinson" /> The SLI has served in almost all of the post-1947 conflicts involving India, including the wars with Pakistan in [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971|1971]], the [[Hyderabad Police Action]] of 1948 and the [[Sino-Indian War|Chinese aggression in 1962]]. It has also served in [[Sri Lanka]], where the 1st, 7th, 13th and 14th Battalions have contributed towards peace-keeping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Story of The Sikh Light Infantry  |publisher=The Sikh Review |url=http://www.sikhreview.org/november1995/chivalry.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020531202833/http://www.sikhreview.org/november1995/chivalry.htm |archive-date=2002-05-31}}</ref>
 
==Ramdasia Religious faith==
Ramdasia Sikh community having faith in  [[Guru Ravidas|Sikh Guru Ravidas]] and they have established several shrines dedicate to him. In India first recognized shrine was constructed in Kolkata and outside India first shrine was established on Fiji island in 1939 in Nasinu. In Nasinu first Sikh Gurdwara dedicated to [[Guru Ravidas]] was constructed by migrants from Doaba region of Punjab.
 
==Demographics==
 
As of 2011 Census, there were 3,095,324 [[Chamars]] in the Indian state of Punjab, of whom 1,017,192 declared themselves as [[Chamar]] and 2,078,132 declared themselves as Ramdasia/Ravidasia [[Chamar]]. According to this Census, during the same year the population of Sikh Ramdasia/Ravidasia in Punjab was 1,443,079 and 629,157 respectively.<ref name="2011 census1">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14/SC-03-00-14-DDW-2011.XLS|format=XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |title=SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Punjab |access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>
 
==Ramdasia Diaspora and Guru Ravidass Sikh Temples and Gurdwaras==
 
Ramdasia Sikh diaspora alongside [[Ravidassia]] from doaba emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. Emigration from the Punjab began before and after the 19th century, with many Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs settling in Europe, and also a large Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs population in North America mainly in United States and the Canada. There is sizeable population of Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs in Oceania as well.<ref name="sikhiwiki.org">{{Cite web|title=Sikh Ravidasia|url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sikh_Ravidasia|access-date=2022-06-30|website=www.sikhiwiki.org}}</ref>
 
 
 
Today they have presence in every major city of world where they have also established Guru Ravidass Gurdwaras and Sikh Temples.
 
===Fiji===
*Guru Ravidass Gurdwara (Nasinu Sikh Temple), Nasinu (Established in 1939)
===New Zealand===
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Bombay Hills, Auckland (Established in 1991)
*Guru Ravidas Temple, Hastings (Established in 2007)
*Gurdwara Begampura Sikh Temple, Papakura (Established in 2008)
===Australia===
*Guru Ravidas Gurdwara, Campbellfield, Melbourne (Established in 1996)
===England===
*Shri Guru Ravidas Bhavan, Birmingham
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Southall
*Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Handsworth
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Wolverhampton
*Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Wolverhampton
*Shri Guru Ravidas Temple - Coventry
*Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Coventry
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Hockley
*Shri Guru Ravidas Temple - Foleshill
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Bradford
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Bedford
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Darlaston
*Guru Ravidass Sabha Community Centre, Derby
*Shri Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple - Derby
*Shri Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Leicester
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Willenhall
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Walsall
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Erith Kent
*Shri Guru Ravidass Mission Temple, London
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara and Community Centre- Hitchin
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara- Newham, London
*Guru Ravidass Sabha, Northampton
*Dera Baba Gobind Dass, Guru Ravidass Sabha, Bilston
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Gravesend
*Shri Guru Ravi Dass Sabha - Letchworth
*Shri Guru Ravidass Bhavan - Luton
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara- Strood, Medway
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Southampton
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Glasgow
 
===United States of America===
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Pittsburgh, California
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Fresno
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Rio linda
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Union City
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Yuba City
*Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Selma
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Houston
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, New York
*Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, DFW, Texas
 
===Canada===
*Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Burlington
*Guru Ravidass Sabha, Brampton
*Guru Ravidas Temple, Etobicoke,Toronto (Not in operation anymore and 40 acre land has been purchased by this shrine for the construction of new building in Caledon)
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Montreal
*Guru Ravidass Sabha, Edmonton
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Vancouver
*Guru Ravidass Gurdwara and Community Centre, Calgary
===Greece===
*Shri Guru Ravidas Darbar, Koropi, Athens
===Italy===
*Shri Guru Ravidass Dham, Bergamo
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Verona
*Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Gorlago
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Vicenza
*Guru Ravidass Temple, Sabaudia
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Manerbio
*Shri Guru Ravidass Darbar, Velletri
*Shri Guru Ravidas Darbar, Mantova
*Shri Guru Ravidass Bhavan , Treviso
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Brescia
*Shri Guru Ravidass Dharam Asthan, Reggio Emilia
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Montevrchi Arrizo
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Capaccio Salerno
*Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Sabaudia
 
===Germany===
*Guru Ravidass Temple, Frankfurt
===Austria===
*Guru Ravidass Temple,Vienna
===Holland===
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Den Haag
*Guru Ravidass Temple,Amsterdam
===Spain===
*Guru Ravidass Temple, Barcelona
*Guru Ravidass Dham, Girona
===Belgium===
*Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Oostende
===France===
*Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Paris
*Guru Ravidass Temple, Le blanc Mesnil
 
==See also==
 
* [[Sikh Ravidasia]]
* [[Chamar]]
* [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
* [[Jatav]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Ad-Dharmi]]
* [[Ahirwar]]
* [[Chambhar]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
 
[[Category:Sikh communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]

Latest revision as of 10:53, 1 July 2024

Castes & Tribes
Ramdasia
Classification Shoe Makers, Leather Tanners, Weavers, Farmers
Subdivisions Chamar High caste
Significant populations in Punjab • Haryana • Jammu • Himachal Pradesh
Languages Punjabi • Hindi • Dogri
Religions Sikhism


The Ramdasia were historically a middle to high caste Sikh group that originated from the middle to high caste of leather tanners and shoemakers known as Chamar.[1] Nowadays people of this community do farming, large number of them are Governnent officials, Granthi in Gurudwara and Prominent politicians. In the book British Untouchables: A Study of Dalit Identity and Education by Paul Avtar Singh Ghuman, it is clearly mentioned on page number IX under the heading "Glossary of Terms" that Ramdasias are chamars who converted to Sikhism.[2]

Terminology

"Ramdasia is a term used in general for Sikhs whose ancestors belonged to the high Chamar caste. Originally they are followers of Guru Ravidass ji who belongs to Chamar community ".[1] Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In Puadh and Malwa, largely Ramdasia in used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in Doaba.[3]

Ramdasia Sikhs are enlisted as OBC (other backward classes) by Department of Social justice, Empowerment and Minorities- Government of Punjab. They are middle to high caste and today are one of the most successful and richest castes.

Military service

British Raj

The Ramdasia Sikhs, were recruited to the Sikh Light Infantry regiment (SLI) after its formation in 1941.[4] The Sikh Light Infantry has always been a "single class" regiment in the parlance adopted from the British Raj era. This means that it recruits only from one demographic, which in this instance means the Ramdasia Sikhs.[5] Indeed, the SLI was initially called the Ramdasia Sikh Regiment.[6] Despite unwillingness among some policy makers, the British had to abandon their traditional distinction between martial and non-martial races during the Second World War. This was necessitated by the need for more recruits than could be supplied by those communities upon which they usually relied, such as the Jat Sikhs, Dogras and Punjabi Musalmans. In addition, indiscipline among Jat Sikhs caused by their concerns regarding a post-war division of India was another reason to prefer recruitment of new classes. While recruitment from the pre-war martial classes was still pre-eminent, that from newly recognised classes such as the Ramdasias became significant.[7] They were already significant before.

After independence of India

When India became independent in 1947, the British Indian Army became the Indian Army. This, like its predecessor, relies on the martial race theory for much of its recruitment and thus there is a grossly disproportionate number of Sikhs within its ranks.[8] The Ramdasias Sikhs continued their service with the SLI in the new army.[4] The SLI has served in almost all of the post-1947 conflicts involving India, including the wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Hyderabad Police Action of 1948 and the Chinese aggression in 1962. It has also served in Sri Lanka, where the 1st, 7th, 13th and 14th Battalions have contributed towards peace-keeping.[9]

Ramdasia Religious faith

Ramdasia Sikh community having faith in Sikh Guru Ravidas and they have established several shrines dedicate to him. In India first recognized shrine was constructed in Kolkata and outside India first shrine was established on Fiji island in 1939 in Nasinu. In Nasinu first Sikh Gurdwara dedicated to Guru Ravidas was constructed by migrants from Doaba region of Punjab.

Demographics

As of 2011 Census, there were 3,095,324 Chamars in the Indian state of Punjab, of whom 1,017,192 declared themselves as Chamar and 2,078,132 declared themselves as Ramdasia/Ravidasia Chamar. According to this Census, during the same year the population of Sikh Ramdasia/Ravidasia in Punjab was 1,443,079 and 629,157 respectively.[10]

Ramdasia Diaspora and Guru Ravidass Sikh Temples and Gurdwaras

Ramdasia Sikh diaspora alongside Ravidassia from doaba emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. Emigration from the Punjab began before and after the 19th century, with many Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs settling in Europe, and also a large Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs population in North America mainly in United States and the Canada. There is sizeable population of Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs in Oceania as well.[11]


Today they have presence in every major city of world where they have also established Guru Ravidass Gurdwaras and Sikh Temples.

Fiji

  • Guru Ravidass Gurdwara (Nasinu Sikh Temple), Nasinu (Established in 1939)

New Zealand

  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Bombay Hills, Auckland (Established in 1991)
  • Guru Ravidas Temple, Hastings (Established in 2007)
  • Gurdwara Begampura Sikh Temple, Papakura (Established in 2008)

Australia

  • Guru Ravidas Gurdwara, Campbellfield, Melbourne (Established in 1996)

England

  • Shri Guru Ravidas Bhavan, Birmingham
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Southall
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Handsworth
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Wolverhampton
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Wolverhampton
  • Shri Guru Ravidas Temple - Coventry
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, Coventry
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Hockley
  • Shri Guru Ravidas Temple - Foleshill
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Bradford
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Bedford
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Darlaston
  • Guru Ravidass Sabha Community Centre, Derby
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple - Derby
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Leicester
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Willenhall
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple - Walsall
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Erith Kent
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Mission Temple, London
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara and Community Centre- Hitchin
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara- Newham, London
  • Guru Ravidass Sabha, Northampton
  • Dera Baba Gobind Dass, Guru Ravidass Sabha, Bilston
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Gravesend
  • Shri Guru Ravi Dass Sabha - Letchworth
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Bhavan - Luton
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara- Strood, Medway
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara - Southampton
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Glasgow

United States of America

  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Pittsburgh, California
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Fresno
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Rio linda
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Union City
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Yuba City
  • Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Selma
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Houston
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, New York
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, DFW, Texas

Canada

  • Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Burlington
  • Guru Ravidass Sabha, Brampton
  • Guru Ravidas Temple, Etobicoke,Toronto (Not in operation anymore and 40 acre land has been purchased by this shrine for the construction of new building in Caledon)
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Montreal
  • Guru Ravidass Sabha, Edmonton
  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple, Vancouver
  • Guru Ravidass Gurdwara and Community Centre, Calgary

Greece

  • Shri Guru Ravidas Darbar, Koropi, Athens

Italy

  • Shri Guru Ravidass Dham, Bergamo
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Verona
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Gorlago
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Vicenza
  • Guru Ravidass Temple, Sabaudia
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Manerbio
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Darbar, Velletri
  • Shri Guru Ravidas Darbar, Mantova
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Bhavan , Treviso
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Brescia
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Dharam Asthan, Reggio Emilia
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Montevrchi Arrizo
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Capaccio Salerno
  • Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Sabaudia

Germany

  • Guru Ravidass Temple, Frankfurt

Austria

  • Guru Ravidass Temple,Vienna

Holland

  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Den Haag
  • Guru Ravidass Temple,Amsterdam

Spain

  • Guru Ravidass Temple, Barcelona
  • Guru Ravidass Dham, Girona

Belgium

  • Guru Ravidass Sikh Temple,Oostende

France

  • Guru Ravidass Gurdwara, Paris
  • Guru Ravidass Temple, Le blanc Mesnil

See also

References

  1. ^ a b {{ #if: Chander | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Chander | Chander{{ #if: Rajesh K I. | , Rajesh K I. }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Chander | Chander{{ #if: Rajesh K I. | , Rajesh K I. }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Chander | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2019 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2019) | (2019) }} }} }}{{ #if: Chander | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+caste+in+jammu&pg=PA64 | Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions | Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Studera Press | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Studera Press }}{{ #if: 64 | , 64 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-93-85883-58-3 | . ISBN 978-93-85883-58-3 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+caste+in+jammu&pg=PA64 | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  2. ^ {{ #if: Ghuman | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Ghuman | Ghuman{{ #if: Paul | , Paul }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Ghuman | Ghuman{{ #if: Paul | , Paul }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Ghuman | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: May 2011 | (May 2011) | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} {{{year}}}) | ({{{year}}}) }} }} }}{{ #if: Ghuman | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZcI3FCxlEC&pg=PR9 | British Untouchables A Study of Dalit Identity and Education | British Untouchables A Study of Dalit Identity and Education }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Ashgate Publishing, Limited | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Ashgate Publishing, Limited }}{{ #if: iX | , iX }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-0754648772 | . ISBN 978-0754648772 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZcI3FCxlEC&pg=PR9 | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  3. ^ Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-dalit-conundrum-a-look-into-sikhs-caste-identity/articleshow/86607310.cms The Times of India 30 September 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021
  4. ^ a b {{ #if: Wilkinson | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Wilkinson | Wilkinson{{ #if: Steven I. | , Steven I. }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Wilkinson | Wilkinson{{ #if: Steven I. | , Steven I. }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Wilkinson | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2015 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2015) | (2015) }} }} }}{{ #if: Wilkinson | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence | Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Harvard University Press | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Harvard University Press }}{{ #if: 11 | , 11 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-0-67472-880-6 | . ISBN 978-0-67472-880-6 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  5. ^ {{ #if: Wilkinson | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Wilkinson | Wilkinson{{ #if: Steven I. | , Steven I. }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Wilkinson | Wilkinson{{ #if: Steven I. | , Steven I. }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Wilkinson | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2015 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2015) | (2015) }} }} }}{{ #if: Wilkinson | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence | Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Harvard University Press | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Harvard University Press }}{{ #if: 39–41 | , 39–41 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-0-67472-880-6 | . ISBN 978-0-67472-880-6 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  6. ^ {{ #if: Cohen | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Cohen | Cohen{{ #if: Stephen | , Stephen }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Cohen | Cohen{{ #if: Stephen | , Stephen }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Cohen | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2013 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2013) | (2013) }} }} }}{{ #if: Cohen | . }}{{ #if: The Untouchable Soldier | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} The Untouchable Soldier] | The Untouchable Soldier }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: | [{{{url}}} Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces] | Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Routledge | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Routledge }}{{ #if: 170 | , 170 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-1-13566-150-2 | . ISBN 978-1-13566-150-2 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  7. ^ {{ #if: Marston | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Marston | Marston{{ #if: Daniel | , Daniel }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Marston | Marston{{ #if: Daniel | , Daniel }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Marston | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2003 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2003) | (2003) }} }} }}{{ #if: Marston | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=E-CPkbHvcZEC&pg=PA218 | Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign | Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Greenwood Publishing Group | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Greenwood Publishing Group }}{{ #if: 218–220, 236 | , 218–220, 236 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-0-27598-003-0 | . ISBN 978-0-27598-003-0 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=E-CPkbHvcZEC&pg=PA218 | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  8. ^ {{ #if: Roy | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Roy | Roy{{ #if: Kaushik | , Kaushik }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Roy | Roy{{ #if: Kaushik | , Kaushik }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Roy | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2015 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2015) | (2015) }} }} }}{{ #if: Roy | . }}{{ #if: Indian Society and the Soldier | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} Indian Society and the Soldier] | Indian Society and the Soldier }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ | Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines | Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: Routledge | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}Routledge }}{{ #if: 66–67 | , 66–67 }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 978-1-31738-009-2 | . ISBN 978-1-31738-009-2 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} </in
  9. ^ Story of The Sikh Light Infantry http://www.sikhreview.org/november1995/chivalry.htm The Sikh Review Retrieved
  10. ^ SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Punjab https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14/SC-03-00-14-DDW-2011.XLS The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Retrieved
  11. ^ Sikh Ravidasia https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sikh_Ravidasia Retrieved

Template:Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab

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